The end of the decade saw the US/China trade dispute continue to make plenty of headlines. However with Donald Trump signing a long-awaited ‘phase one’ agreement on 15th January, it appears 2020 could see tensions ease. Trump is currently due to travel to China later in the year, where ‘phase two’ of the deal will presumably be concluded.
December was, of course, the month that brought us the UK General Election and while our ‘Brexit’ section of the report still has some way to run, the sizeable majority won by Boris Johnson does mean that there is now certainty. The UK will be leaving the European Union at the end of this month. 
December was also the month that cemented what has been a very good year for world stock markets. We report on 11 major markets in this Bulletin: all of them ended the year higher than they began it – with several markets making significant gains. No markets fell in December, although one or two did shuffle sideways somewhat.
Let’s look at all the detail, beginning with a slight change in the running order.
The UK General Election and Brexit
The Brexit section of the Commentary normally comes after the comments on the wider UK economy but for once it seems appropriate to ‘promote’ it, given that the result of the General Election will clearly determine not just the shape of Brexit but the future direction of our economy for the next five years.
“Enough,” said Boris Johnson to the camera as his parody of the famous scene from Love Actually ended. “Enough, let’s get this done.”
And it seemed that the British people agreed with him, as the 12th December General Election saw the Conservatives win a thumping majority, as constituencies that had been Labour for generations switched their allegiance. The final result saw the Conservatives win 43.6% of the national vote and 365 seats, with Labour on 203 and the SNP winning 48 seats in Scotland. 
This translated to a Conservative majority of 80, and means that you can forget the phrase ‘hung parliament’ for the foreseeable future. Boris Johnson’s Withdrawal Agreement was brought back to Parliament before Christmas and was passed by 358 votes to 234 – which means that the UK will finally leave the European Union at 11pm on 31st January.
We will then need to negotiate a trade agreement with the EU, which is scheduled to be completed by the end of 2020. You will find plenty of people prepared to argue that it cannot be done in 11 months, but we suspect the reality is that there is now a desire on both sides to get the matter settled once and for all.
The biggest stumbling block will be the EU’s demand for a ‘level playing field’ – they do not want a low-cost, low-regulation competitor on their doorstep (what’s been dubbed ‘Singapore-on-Thames’). Let’s see how things pan out over the next 12 months.
The Wider UK Economy
Away from the excitement of the General Election, December is usually the month when the tills are ringing in the shops. Sadly not: 2019 was a tale of unremitting gloom for the UK high street and while Sajid Javid’s first Budget is certain to contain moves designed to help it compete with online shopping, one wonders if the high street is simply an idea whose time is past.
December brought us the usual tales of individual gloom from retailers although pub chain Wetherspoons bucked the trend by announcing it would invest £200m over the next four years and create 10,000 jobs. Dunelm also announced that it expects to beat its original profit forecasts for the year – although it did credit ‘strong online performance’ for much of the good news.
And in truth, that was the story of December. Sales were down in the week before Black Friday, and ‘Super Saturday’ (the Saturday before Christmas) failed to deliver its customary retail spike. There was also a sharp drop in Boxing Day footfall, with retailers blaming the amounts that had been spent online in the run-up to Christmas.
Add in the fact that retail sales were also down in November by 0.6%, making it the fourth consecutive month of falling sales, and it all added up to a gloomy end of the year for traditional retailing as 61 shops closed every day in the UK.
What of the rest of the UK economy?
The Prime Minister was understandably bullish about the economy following his election victory but, in truth, it will take some time for his planned investment in the UK’s infrastructure to pay dividends, and for the country to overcome the effects of 3½ years of uncertainty.
Clearly though, the new Government means business, with the Treasury apparently ‘set to re-write the rules’ to allow more investment in the North.
But in the meantime there are plenty of less optimistic voices in the UK. The CBI forecast that growth in the UK will slow to 1.2% next year despite the Brexit deal, but will then pick up to 1.8% in 2021.
Figures released at the beginning of the month showed that the UK construction sector had contracted for the seventh month in a row, and the Federation of Small Business said that confidence among its members was at an eight year low. That confidence cannot have been helped by the news that the National Living Wage will rise by 6.2% in April, well above the level of inflation. 
There are challenges for the new Government, and for the new Governor of the Bank of England, with former boss of the Financial Conduct Authority Andrew Bailey – widely seen as a safe pair of hands – set to take over from Mark Carney.
Will there be any good news in Mr Bailey’s in-tray? Yes – it appears that the UK economy grew slightly faster in the third quarter than originally thought. The Office for National Statistics revised its growth figure up to 0.4% from 0.3% and the employment figures continue to show record numbers in work. The employment rate is now at an all-time high of 76.2% with a total of 32.8m people employed in the UK. Unemployment fell to 1.28m, the lowest figure since January 1975.
2020 certainly promises to be an interesting year for the UK economy. There will be Sajid Javid’s first Budget in late February or early March, plus the continuing negotiations with the EU.
In the meantime, what did the FTSE 100 index of leading shares make of it all? The market was up by 3% in December to end the year at 7,542. As we will see below, the 12% rise in the year was well below that achieved by some other markets but, given the uncertainty that prevailed for much of the year, most UK investors will be happy with that return.
The pound closed the year at $1.3246, up by 2% in December and up by 4% for the year as a whole.
Europe
For much of 2019, the German economy had been flirting with recession (defined as two consecutive quarters of negative growth). While the biggest economy in Europe didn’t technically go into recession, there continue to be plenty of worrying signs.
Figures released for October showed that Germany had suffered a ‘disastrous’ fall in factory production, with output down 1.7% – well below expectations. The drop, which came from lower production of heavy machinery and capital goods, was the biggest fall in factory output since November 2009.
Meanwhile France suffered its biggest strike in years, with the CGT union claiming that 1.5m people had gone on strike in protest against President Macron’s planned pension reforms. With the President using his New Year message to confirm that he will press ahead with the unpopular reforms, France looks set for more strikes in the year ahead.
Back across the border and German farmers were also striking in protest against the Government’s new agricultural package which will limit the use of insecticides, weed-killers and other plant-protection products. The farmers see the Government making concessions to the Green lobby at their expense.
With Euroscepticism back on the rise in Italy, it was a difficult end to the year for the larger European economies. With Brexit now set to happen and continuing debate about if and when Angela Merkel will step down in Germany, there will be plenty of challenges for Europe in 2020. 
In company news, Fiat-Chrysler and Peugeot-maker PSA agreed a $50bn (£37.5bn) mega-merger to create the world’s fourth-largest car maker. The newly combined companies believe they can achieve $4bn (£3bn) of savings through combining purchasing agreements and technologies.
It was a relatively quiet month for the leading European stock markets. The German market was virtually unchanged at 13,249 while the French market was up just 1% to 5,978. However, taking the year as a whole both countries’ markets enjoyed very good years, despite the problems. The German DAX index was up by 25% in 2019 while the French market rose 26%. Pride of place, though, goes to Greece: for once it was nothing but good news, as the Athens stock market enjoyed a very successful year, finishing up 50% at 917.
US
Much of December was taken up with the continuing war of words over the US/China trade dispute but, with the President now signalling that he will sign the first stage of an agreement on January 15th, perhaps attention will turn to more domestic matters… such as the President’s impeachment.
With the vote splitting along party lines, December saw Donald Trump join Andrew Jefferson and Bill Clinton as the only US Presidents to be impeached. The vote is almost certain to be overturned in the Senate – where the Republicans hold a majority – leaving Trump free to fight the 2020 Presidential election.
At the moment it looks as though the 73 year old President will be up against either 77 year old Joe Biden or 78 year old Bernie Sanders.
You suspect that some of the younger Democrat candidates are keeping their powder dry for 2024, thinking that while Trump may once again lose the popular vote, he will win enough electoral college votes to be back in the White House for another four years.
Certainly the jobs figures at the beginning of the month will have pleased the President, and those pundits who expect him to hold all the states he won in 2016. The US economy added 266,000 jobs in November, the highest figure for 10 months which saw the unemployment rate drop to 3.5%.
There were, though, two rather high-profile job losses, as co-founder Travis Kalanick stepped down from the Uber board, and Boeing finally fired CEO Denis Muilenberg, nine months after the second of two plane crashes which killed a total of 346 people.
Cyber Monday on 2nd December was expected to deliver record US sales and it didn’t disappoint, with consumers spending $9.4bn (£7.1bn). That was well up on the $7.9bn (£6bn) spent in 2018 and cannot do anything other than impact on traditional shopping outlets.
There was slightly worrying news for any of us who value our privacy: Apple, Google and Amazon are to team up to ‘make home tech easier to use.’ Until now the companies have been fiercely competitive but have now agreed to ‘play nice’ according to one industry analyst. Does that mean they will start to share the data they have on us? Privacy campaigners may be right to be alarmed.
No-one though, could be alarmed at the performance of the Dow Jones index, which closed December up 2% at 28,538. Having started 2019 at 23,327 it was up by 22% for the year as a whole and – as we’re sure you’ll hear the President point out in the election campaign – it is up by 44% from Inauguration Day 2017.
Far East
Chinese exporters will certainly be hoping for a settlement to the trade dispute, as figures released in December showed exports had fallen for a fourth straight month. Exports in November were down 1.1% on a year previously, with exports to the US down by a whopping 23%.
Meanwhile there were more problems for the Chinese economy as the effects of African Swine Fever – which had apparently entered the country from Indonesia – pushed inflation to an eight-year high in November, with pork prices roughly double those of a year ago. Overall consumer prices rose by 4.5% year on year, the fastest rate since the beginning of 2012.
Despite this, factory-gate prices fell for the fifth month in a row, again highlighting the impact the trade dispute has had on China’s manufacturing sector. 
The month ended with Tesla’s first ‘made in China’ cars rolling off the production line, as 15 Model 3 sedans emerged from the so-called ‘Gigafactory’ near Shanghai. Tesla is aiming to capture a significant slice of the world’s biggest car market. Meanwhile Huawei – beset by espionage claims and hit by US sanctions – says that its priority for 2020 is simply to survive. In a poetic New Year message the company said that the ‘heady scent of plums’ will only come after it has survived ‘the bone-deep bite of winter.’
There was no ‘heady scent’ of anything in Hong Kong where the pro-democracy protests continued: you suspect this will recur through the coming year.
But Hong Kong’s Hang Seng index does appear to have survived the bite of winter: along with other markets in the region it was up in December, rising 7% to close the month at 28,190. China’s Shanghai Composite index rose 6% to 3,050, while the South Korean market rose by 5% to 2,198. The Japanese index enjoyed a more modest month, but was still up by 2% to 23,657.
For the year as a whole, China led the way with a 22% rise, followed by Japan’s Nikkei Dow index which rose 18%. Despite the protests Hong Kong was up by 9% in 2019: the South Korean market brought up the rear with a rise of just 8%.
Emerging Markets
Last month we mentioned the stock market debut of Saudi Aramco, the world’s most profitable company. The company duly made its debut on the Riyadh stock market and – despite lukewarm interest from abroad – local and regional investors paid $25.6bn (£19.4bn) for a 1.5% stake in the company.
This made it the biggest share sale to date, beating the $25bn which China’s Alibaba raised in its New York stock market debut in 2014.
As regular readers know, we report on three of the world’s major Emerging Markets in this section and, in keeping with other markets around the world, they all made gains in December.
The Indian stock market was up by just 1% to 41,254, while the Russian market rose 4% to break through the 3,000 barrier and end the year at 3,046. But the Brazilian stock market did even better, up 7% in December to 115,645.
If we look at the year as a whole, Brazil leads the way with a spectacular rise of 32%. The Russian market wasn’t far behind, finishing the year up 29%. The Indian stock market enjoyed a much less spectacular – but perfectly acceptable – year, rising by 14% for 2019 as a whole.
And Finally…
December saw one big news story in the art world which might make many of us rethink our future careers. Why bother to work hard when you can get $120,000 (£90,000) for duct-taping an over-ripe banana to a wall? Yes, that is what Italian artist Maurizio Cattelan was paid for his piece Comedian which was on show at a gallery in Miami.
The bad news for Mr Cattelan’s bank balance is that fellow performance artist David Datuna pulled the banana off the wall, peeled it and ate it. Luckily a contingency plan was drawn up, a replacement banana was sourced, and police are now guarding the expensive fruit.
Meanwhile, Spanish TV reporter Natalia Escudero was excited after she thought she’d scooped a big prize in the country’s Christmas lottery – so excited that she resigned from her job live on air. Sadly a closer examination of the ticket showed that she had only won €5,000 (£4,230) and would, after all, be back at work the following day. Perhaps Ms Escudero needs reading glasses? Debería haber ido a Specsavers, as they may say in Spain.
And that’s it from 2019. Best wishes for the coming year, and look out for bananas on walls… your fortune awaits.
